the effect of cognitive styles on learning an aiming task in closed and open environments based on fuzzy and classic logics

the main aim of the present study was to examine the effect of field-independent and field-dependent cognitive styles on learning an aiming task in closed and open environments based on fuzzy and classic logics. 60 male students with an age range of 16-17 were assigned to four groups (each group 15 subjects): field-independent with classic approach, field-dependent with classic approach, field-independent with fuzzy approach and field-dependent with fuzzy approach. participants in each group had basketball pass test in both open and closed environments. the acquisition phase consisted of six sessions and 60 trials in 6 blocks of 10 trials were performed in each session. the transfer test was conducted one day and retention test was carried out one week after the acquisition phase. the results of this study indicated a significant difference between field-independent and field-dependent with classic approach in both closed and open environments, and field-independent participants had a better performance during all stages of the test (acquisition, retention, and transfer). but, no significant differences were observed between field-independent and field-dependent with fuzzy approach. however, the comparison of means indicated that field-independent participants had better performance in closed environments, and, field-dependent participants had better performance in open environments.